The myriad of challenges contributing to the persisting spread of Ebola in West Africa – the biggest Ebola outbreak since the viral haemorrhagic fever was discovered in 1976 – echo some of the biggest obstacles which continue to challenge the global efforts to eradicate polio.
Biography
Heidi Larson, PhD, is a Clinical Professor of Health Metrics Sciences and Director of European Initiatives at the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) at the University of Washington. Based in London, she is building IHME’s presence in the region through new research projects, dissemination and uptake of IHME’s methods and results, and consultation with regional leaders in population health. She also provides strategic consultation to IHME’s Director and Executive Team.
Dr. Larson currently serves as Professor at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, where she leads the Vaccine Confidence Project, conducting research and mapping issues around public trust in vaccines globally. She previously headed Global Communication for Immunization at UNICEF and chaired the Advocacy Task Force for Gavi. Her research specializes in the analysis and evaluation of health and development programs with particular attention to social and political factors that can affect policies and programs. Her particular focus is on risk and rumor management in health programs and technologies, especially vaccines – from clinical trials to delivery – and building public trust.
Dr. Larson earned her PhD in Anthropology from the University of California, Berkeley. She obtained a Bachelor of Arts in Visual and Environmental Studies from Harvard University.
IHME was founded in 2007 at the University of Washington to provide better evidence to improve health globally by guiding health policy and funding.
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GBD 2017 Child and Adolescent Health Collaborators. Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors in Child and Adolescent Health, 1990 to 2017. JAMA Pediatrics. 29 April 2019. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.0337.
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GBD 2017 Mortality Collaborators. Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality and life expectancy, 1950–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet. 8 Nov 2018;392:1684-735. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31891-9.
GBD 2017 Causes of Death Collaborators. Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet. 8 Nov 2018;392:1736-88. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32203-7.
GBD 2017 SDG Collaborators. Measuring progress from 1990 to 2017 and projecting attainment to 2030 of the health-related Sustainable Development Goals for 195 countries and territories: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet. 8 Nov 2018; 392:2091–138. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32281-5.
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GBD 2016 Injury Collaborators. Global Mortality From Firearms, 1990-2016. JAMA. 28 Aug 2018; 320(8):792-814. doi:10.1001/jama.2018.10060.
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GBD 2015 Eastern Mediterranean Region Collaborators. Adolescent health in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2015 study. International Journal of Public Health. 7 Aug 2017.
GBD 2015 Eastern Mediterranean Region Collaborators. Burden of cancer in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, 2005–2015: findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2015 study. International Journal of Public Health. 7 Aug 2017.
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GBD 2015 Eastern Mediterranean Region Collaborators. Burden of diarrhea in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, 1990–2015: findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2015 study. International Journal of Public Health. 7 Aug 2017.
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GBD 2015 Eastern Mediterranean Region Collaborators. Transport injuries and deaths in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2015 study. International Journal of Public Health. 7 Aug 2017.
GBD 2015 Eastern Mediterranean Region Collaborators. Neonatal, infant, and under-5 mortality and morbidity burden in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2015 study. International Journal of Public Health. 7 Aug 2017.
GBD 2015 Eastern Mediterranean Region Collaborators. Burden of vision loss in the Eastern Mediterranean region, 1990–2015: findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2015 study. International Journal of Public Health. 7 Aug 2017.
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GBD 2015 Eastern Mediterranean Region Collaborators. Burden of obesity in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2015 study. International Journal of Public Health. 7 Aug 2017.
The GBD 2015 Obesity Collaborators. Health effects of overweight and obesity in 195 countries over 25 years. New England Journal of Medicine. 12 Jun 2017. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1614362
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The Global Burden of Disease Child and Adolescent Health Collaboration. Child and adolescent health from 1990 to 2015: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factors 2015 Study. JAMA Pediatrics. 2017;171(6):1-21. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2017.0250.
Global Burden of Disease Cancer Collaboration. Global, regional, and national cancer incidence, mortality, years of life lost, years lived with disability, and disability-adjusted life years for 32 cancer groups, 1990 to 2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease study. JAMA Oncology. 2016 Dec 3. doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2016.5688.
GBD 2015 Risk Factors Collaborators. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioral, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. The Lancet. 2016 Oct 7; 388:1659–1724.
GBD 2015 Maternal Mortality Collaborators. Global, regional, and national levels of maternal mortality, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. The Lancet. 2016 Oct 7; 388:1775–1812.
GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators. Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. The Lancet. 2016 Oct 7; 388:1459–1544.
GBD 2015 Child Mortality Collaborators. Global, regional, national, and selected subnational levels of stillbirths, neonatal, infant, and under-5 mortality, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. The Lancet. 2016 Oct 7; 388:1725–1774.
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*Authors listed alphabetically
†Corresponding author
Wang H, Wolock TM, Carter A, Nguyen G, Kyu HH, Gakidou E, Hay SI, Mills EJ, Trickey A, Msemburi W, Coates MM, Mooney MD, Fraser MS, Sligar A, Salomon J, Larson HJ, Friedman J, Abajobir AA, Abate KA, Abbas KM, Abd El Razek MM, Abd-Allah F, Abdulle AM, Abera SF, Abubakar I, Abu-Raddad LJ, Abu-Rmeileh NME, Abyu GY, Adebiyi AO, Adedeji IA, Adelekan AL, Adofo K, Adou AK, Ajala ON, Akinyemiju TF, Akseer N, Al Lami FH, Al-Aly Z, Alam K, Alam NKM, Alasfoor D, Aldhahri SFS, Aldridge RW, Alegretti MA, Aleman AV, Alemu ZA, Alfonso-Cristancho R, Ali R, Alkerwi A, Alla F, Mohammad R, Salem Al-Raddadi S, Alsharif U, Alvarez E, Alvis-Guzman N, Amare AT, Amberbir A, Amegah AK, Ammar W, Amrock SM, Antonio CAT, Anwari P, Ärnlöv J, Artaman A, Asayesh H, Asghar RJ, Assadi R, Atique S, Atkins LS, Avokpaho EFGA, Awasthi A, Ayala Quintanilla BP, Bacha U, Badawi A, Barac A, Bärnighausen T, Basu A, Bayou TA, Bayou YT, Bazargan-Hejazi S, Beardsley J, Bedi N, Bennett DA, Bensenor IM, Betsu BD, Addisu Shunu 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Kyu HH, Pinho C, Wagner JA, Brown JC, Bertozzi-Villa A, Charlson FJ, Coffeng LE, Dandona L, Erskine HE, Ferrari AJ, Fitzmaurice C, Fleming TD, Forouzanfar MH, Graetz N, Guinovart C, Haagsma J, Higashi H, Kassebaum NJ, Larson HJ, Lim SS, Mokdad AH, Moradi-Lakeh M, Odell SV, Roth GA, Serina PT, Stanaway JD, Misganaw A, Whiteford HA, Wolock TM, Wulf Hanson S, Abd-Allah F, Abera SF, Abu-Raddad LJ, AlBuhairan FS, Amare AT, Antonio CAT, Artaman A, Barker-Collo SL, Barrero LH, Benjet C, Bensenor IM, Bhutta ZA, Bikbov B, Brazinova A, Campos-Nonato I, Castañeda-Orjuela CA, Catalá-López F, Chowdhury R, Cooper C, Crump JA, Dandona R, Degenhardt L, Dellavalle RP, Dharmaratne SD, Faraon EJA, Feigin VL, Fürst T, Geleijnse JM, Gessner BD, Gibney KB, Goto A, Gunnell D, Hankey GJ, Hay RJ, Hornberger JC, Hosgood HD, Hu G, Jacobsen KH, Jayaraman SP, Jeemon P, Jonas JB, Karch A, Kim D, Kim S, Kokubo Y, Kuate Defo B, Kucuk Bicer B, Kumar GA, Larsson A, Leasher JL, Leung R, Li Y, Lipshultz SE, Lopez AD, Lotufo PA, Lunevicius R, Lyons RA, Majdan M, Malekzadeh R, Mashal T, Mason-Jones AJ, Melaku YA, Memish ZA, Mendoza W, Miller TR, Mock CN, Murray J, Nolte S, Oh I, Olusanya BO, Ortblad KF, Park E, Paternina Caicedo AJ, Patten SB, Patton GC, Pereira DM, Perico N, Piel FB, Polinder S, Popova S, Pourmalek F, Quistberg DA, Remuzzi G, Rodriguez A, Rojas-Rueda D, Rothenbacher D, Rothstein DH, Sanabria J, Santos IS, Schwebel DC, Sepanlou SG, Shaheen A, Shiri R, Shiue I, Skirbekk V, Sliwa K, Sreeramareddy CT, Stein DJ, Steiner TJ, Stovner LJ, Sykes BL, Tabb KM, Terkawi AS, Thomson AJ, Thorne-Lyman AL, Towbin JA, Ukwaja KN, Vasankari T, Venketasubramanian N, Vlassov VV, Vollset SE, Weiderpass E, Weintraub RG, Werdecker A, Wilkinson JD, Woldeyohannes SM, Wolfe CDA, Yano Y, Yip P, Yonemoto N, Yoon S, Younis MZ, Yu C, Zaki MES, Naghavi M, Murray CJL, Vos T. Global and national burden of diseases and injuries among children and adolescents between 1990 and 2013: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2013 study. JAMA Pediatrics. 2015 Jan 25. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2015.4276.
Newton JN†, Briggs ADM, Murray CJL, Dicker D, Foreman KJ, Wang H, Naghavi M, Forouzanfar MH, Ohno SL, Barber RM, Vos T, Stanaway JD, Schmidt JC, Hughes AJ, Fay DFJ, Ecob R, Gresser C, McKee M, Rutter H, Abubakar I*, Ali R*, Anderson HR*, Banerjee A*, Bennett DA*, Bernabé E*, Bhui KS*, Biryukov SM*, Bourne RR*, Brayne CEG*, Bruce NG*, Brugha TS*, Burch M*, Capewell S*, Casey D*, Chowdhury R*, Coates MM*, Cooper C*, Critchley JA*, Dargan PI*, Dherani MK*, Elliott P*, Ezzati M*, Fenton KA*, Fraser MS*, Fürst T*, Greaves F*, Green MA*, Gunnell DJ*, Hannigan BM*, Hay RJ*, Hay SI*, Hemingway H*, Larson HJ*, Looker KJ*, Lunevicius R*, Lyons RA*, Marcenes W*, Mason-Jones AJ*, Matthews FE*, Moller H*, Murdoch ME*, Newton CR*, Pearce N*, Piel FB*, Pope D*, Rahimi K*, Rodriguez A*, Scarborough P*, Schumacher AE*, Shiue I*, Smeeth L*, Tedstone A*, Valabhji J*, Williams HC*, Wolfe CDA*, Woolf AD*, Davis ACJ. Changes in health in England, with analysis by English regions and areas of deprivation, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. The Lancet. 2015 Sep 15. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00195-6.
*Authors listed alphabetically
†Corresponding author
Forouzanfar MH, Alexander L, Anderson HR, Bachman VF, Biryukov S, Brauer M, Burnett R, Casey D, Coates MM, Cohen A, Delwiche K, Estep K, Frostad JJ, KC A, Kyu HH, Moradi-Lakeh M, Ng M, Slepak EL, Thomas BA, Wagner J, Aasvang GM*, Abbafati C*, Abbasoglu Ozgoren A*, Abd-Allah F*, Abera SF*, Aboyans V*, Abraham B*, Abraham JP*, Abubakar I *, Abu-Rmeileh NME*, Aburto T C*, Achoki T*, Adelekan A*, Adofo K*, Adou AK*, Adsuar JC*, Afshin A*, Agardh EE*, Al Khabouri MJ*, Al Lami FH*, Alam S*, Alasfoor D*, Albittar MI*, Alegretti MA*, Aleman AV*, Alemu ZA*, Alfonso-Cristancho R*, Alhabib S*, Ali R*, Ali MK*, Alla F*, Allebeck P*, Allen PJ*, Alsharif U*, Alvarez E*, Alvis-Guzman N*, Amankwaa AA*, Amare AT*, Ameh EA*, Ameli O*, Amini H*, Ammar W*, Anderson BO*, Antonio CT*, Anwari P*, Argeseanu Cunningham S*, Arnlöv J*, Arsic Arsenijevic VS*, Artaman A*, Asghar RJ*, Assadi R*, Atkins LS*, Atkinson C*, Avila MA*, Awuah B*, Badawi A*, Bahit MC*, Bakfalouni T*, Balakrishnan K*, Balalla S*, Balu R*, Banerjee A*, Barber RM*, Barker-Collo SL*, Barquera S*, Barregard L*, Barrero LH*, Barrientos-Gutierrez T*, Basto-Abreu AC*, Basu A*, Basu S*, Basulaiman MO*, Batis Ruvalcaba C*, Beardsley J*, Bedi N*, Bekele T*, Bell ML*, Benjet C*, Bennett DA*, Benzian H*, Bernabé E*, Beyene TJ*, Bhala N*, Bhalla A*, Bhutta ZA*, Bikbov B*, Bin Abdulhak AA*, Blore JD*, Blyth FM*, Bohensky MA*, Bora Başara B*, Borges G*, Bornstein NM*, Bose D*, Boufous S*, Bourne RR*, Brainin M*, Brazinova A*, Breitborde NJ*, Brenner H*, Briggs ADM*, Broday DM*, Brooks PM*, Bruce NG*, Brugha TS*, Brunekreef B*, Buchbinder R*, Bui LN*, Bukhman G*, Bulloch AG*, Burch M*, Burney PGJ*, Campos-Nonato IR*, Campuzano JC*, Cantoral AJ*, Caravanos J*, Cárdenas R*, Cardis E*, Carpenter DO*, Caso V*, Castañeda-Orjuela CA*, Castro RE*, Catalá-López F*, Cavalleri F*, Çavlin A*, Chadha VK*, Chang J*, Charlson FJ*, Chen H*, Chen W*, Chen Z*, Chiang PP*, Chimed-Ochir O*, Chowdhury R*, Christophi CA*, Chuang T*, Chugh SS*, Cirillo M*, Claßen TKD*, Colistro V*, Colomar M*, Colquhoun SM*, Contreras AG*, Cooper C*, Cooper LT*, Cooperrider K*, Coresh J*, Courville KJ*, Criqui MH*, Cuevas-Nasu L*, Damsere-Derry J*, Danawi H*, Dandona L*, Dandona R*, Dargan PI*, Davis A*, Davitoiu DV*, Dayama A*, de Castro EF*, De la Cruz-Góngora V*, De Leo D*, de Lima G*, Degenhardt L*, del Pozo-Cruz B*, Dellavalle RP*, Deribe K*, Derrett S*, Des Jarlais DC*, Dessalegn M*, deVeber GA*, Devries KM*, Dharmaratne SD*, Dherani MK*, Dicker D*, Ding EL*, Dokova K*, Dorsey E*, Driscoll TR*, Duan L*, Durrani AM*, Ebel BE*, Ellenbogen RG*, Elshrek YM*, Endres M*, Ermakov SP*, Erskine HE*, Eshrati B*, Esteghamati A*, Fahimi S*, Faraon EA*, Farzadfar F*, Fay DFJ*, Feigin VL*, Feigl AB*, Fereshtehnejad S*, Ferrari AJ*, Ferri CP*, Flaxman AD*, Fleming TD*, Foigt N*, Foreman KJ*, Fra Paleo U*, Franklin RC*, Gabbe B*, Gaffikin L*, Gakidou E*, Gamkrelidze A*, Gankpé FG*, Gansevoort RT*, García-Guerra FA*, Gasana E*, Geleijnse JM*, Gessner BD*, Gething P*, Gibney KB*, Gillum RF*, Ginawi IAM*, Giroud M*, Giussani G*, Goenka S*, Goginashvili K*, Gomez Dantes H*, Gona P*, Gonzalez de Cosio T*, González-Castell D*, Gotay CC*, Goto A*, Gouda HN*, Guerrant RL*, Gugnani HC*, Guillemin F*, Gunnell D*, Gupta R*, Gupta R*, Gutiérrez RA*, Hafezi-Nejad N*, Hagan H*, Hagstromer M*, Halasa YA*, Hamadeh RR*, Hammami M*, Hankey GJ*, Hao Y*, Harb HL*, Haregu T*, Haro J*, Havmoeller R*, Hay SI*, Hedayati MT*, Heredia-Pi IB*, Hernandez L*, Heuton KR*, Heydarpour P*, Hijar M*, Hoek HW*, Hoffman HJ*, Hornberger JC*, Hosgood H*, Hoy DG*, Hsairi M*, Hu G*, Hu H*, Huang C*, Huang JJ*, Hubbell BJ*, Huiart L*, Husseini A*, Iannarone ML*, Iburg KM*, Idrisov BT*, Ikeda N*, Innos K*, Inoue M*, Islami F*, Ismayilova S*, Jacobsen KH*, Jansen HA*, Jarvis DL*, Jassal SK*, Jauregui A*, Jayaraman S*, Jeemon P*, Jensen PN*, Jha V*, Jiang F*, Jiang G*, Jiang Y*, Jonas JB*, Juel K*, Kan H*, Kany Roseline SS*, Karam NE*, Karch A*, Karema CK*, Karthikeyan G*, Kaul A*, Kawakami N*, Kazi DS*, Kemp AH*, Kengne AP*, Keren A*, Khader YS*, Khalifa SAH*, Khan EA*, Khang Y*, Khatibzadeh S*, Khonelidze I*, Kieling C*, Kim D*, Kim S*, Kim Y*, Kimokoti RW*, Kinfu Y*, Kinge JM*, Kissela BM*, Kivipelto M*, Knibbs LD*, Knudsen A*, Kokubo Y*, Kose M*, Kosen S*, Kraemer A*, Kravchenko M*, Krishnaswami S*, Kromhout H*, Ku T*, Kuate Defo B*, Kucuk Bicer B*, Kuipers EJ*, Kulkarni C*, Kulkarni VS*, Kumar G*, Kwan GF*, Lai T*, Lakshmana Balaji A*, Lalloo R*, Lallukka T*, Lam H*, Lan Q*, Lansingh VC*, Larson HJ*, Larsson A*, Laryea DO*, Lavados PM*, Lawrynowicz AE*, Leasher JL*, Lee J*, Leigh J*, Leung R*, Levi M*, Li Y*, Li Y*, Liang J*, Liang X*, Lim SS*, Lindsay M*, Lipshultz SE*, Liu S*, Liu Y*, Lloyd BK*, Logroscino G*, London SJ*, Lopez N*, Lortet-Tieulent J*, Lotufo PA*, Lozano R*, Lunevicius R*, Ma J*, Ma S*, Machado VMP*, MacIntyre MF*, Magis-Rodriguez C*, Mahdi AA*, Majdan M*, Malekzadeh R*, Mangalam S*, Mapoma CC*, Marape M*, Marcenes W*, Margolis DJ*, Margono C*, Marks GB*, Martin RV*, Marzan MB*, Mashal MT*, Masiye F*, Mason-Jones AJ*, Matsushita K*, Matzopoulos R*, Mayosi BM*, Mazorodze TT*, McKay AC*, McKee M*, McLain A*, Meaney PA*, Medina C*, Mehndiratta M*, Mejia-Rodriguez F*, Mekonnen W*, Melaku YA*, Meltzer M*, Memish ZA*, Mendoza W*, Mensah GA*, Meretoja A*, Mhimbira FA*, Micha R*, Miller TR*, Mills EJ*, Mishra S*, Mohamed IN*, Mohammad KA*, Mokdad AH*, Mola GL*, Monasta L*, Montañez Hernandez JC*, Montico M*, Moore AR*, Morawska L*, Mori R*, Moschandreas J*, Moturi WN*, Mozaffarian D*, Mueller UO*, Mukaigawara M*, Mullany EC*, Murthy KS*, Naghavi M*, Nahas Z*, Naheed A*, Naidoo KS*, Naldi L*, Nand D*, Nangia V*, Narayan KMV*, Nash D*, Neal B*, Nejjari C*, Neupane SP*, Newton CR*, Ngalesoni FN*, Ngirabega J*, Nguyen G*, Nguyen NT*, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ*, Nisar MI*, Nogueira JR*, Nolla JM*, Nolte S*, Norheim OF*, Norman RE*, Norrving B*, Nyakarahuka L*, Oh I*, Ohkubo T*, Olusanya BO*, Omer SB*, Opio J*, Orozco R*, Pagcatipunan Jr., RS*, Pain AW*, Pandian JD*, Panelo CA*, Papachristou C*, Park E*, Parry CD*, Paternina Caicedo AJ*, Patten SB*, Paul VK*, Pavlin BI*, Pearce N*, Pedraza LS*, Pedroza A*, Pejin Stokic L*, Pekericli A*, Pereira DM*, Perez-Padilla R*, Perez-Ruiz F*, Perico N*, Perry SAL*, Pervaiz A*, Pesudovs K*, Peterson CB*, Petzold M*, Phillips MR*, Phua HP *, Plass D*, Poenaru D*, Polanczyk GV*, Polinder S*, Pond CD*, Pope C*, Pope D*, Popova S*, Pourmalek F*, Powles J*, Prabhakaran D*, Prasad NM*, Qato DM*, Quezada AD*, Quistberg DA*, Racapé L*, Rafay A*, Rahimi K*, Rahimi-Movaghar V*, Rahman S*, Raju M*, Rakovac I*, Rana SM*, Rao M*, Razavi H*, Reddy KS*, Refaat AH*, Rehm J*, Remuzzi G*, Ribeiro AL*, Riccio PM*, Richardson L*, Riederer A*, Robinson M*, Roca A*, Rodriguez A*, Rojas-Rueda D*, Romieu I*, Ronfani L*, Room R*, Roy N*, Ruhago GM*, Rushton L*, Sabin N*, Sacco RL*, Saha S*, Sahathevan R*, Sahraian M*, Salomon JA*, Salvo D*, Sampson UK*, Sanabria JR*, Sanchez L*, Sánchez-Pimienta TG*, Sanchez-Riera L*, Sandar L*, Santos IS*, Sapkota A*, Satpathy M*, Saunders JE*, Sawhney M*, Saylan MI*, Scarborough P*, Schmidt JC*, Schneider IJC*, Schöttker B*, Schwebel DC*, Scott JG*, Seedat S*, Sepanlou SG*, Serdar B*, Servan-Mori EE*, Shaddick G*, Shahraz S*, Shamah Levy T*, Shangguan S*, She J*, Sheikhbahaei S*, Shibuya K*, Shin HH*, Shinohara Y*, Shiri R*, Shishani K*, Shiue I*, Sigfusdottir ID*, Silberberg DH*, Simard EP*, Sindi S*, Singh A*, Singh GM*, Singh JA*, Skirbekk V*, Sliwa K*, Soljak M*, Soneji S*, Søreide K*, Soshnikov S*, Sposato LA*, Sreeramareddy CT*, Stapelberg NJC*, Stathopoulou V*, Steckling N*, Stein DJ*, Stein MB*, Stephens N*, Stöckl H*, Straif K*, Stroumpoulis K*, Sturua L*, Sunguya BF*, Swaminathan S*, Swaroop M*, Sykes BL*, Tabb KM*, Takahashi K *, Talongwa RT*, Tandon N*, Tanne D*, Tanner M*, Tavakkoli M*, Te Ao BJ*, Teixeira CM*, Téllez Rojo MM*, Temesgen AM*, Terkawi AS*, Texcalac-Sangrador JL *, Thackway SV*, Thomson B*, Thorne-Lyman AL*, Thrift AG*, 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X*, Zunt JR*, Lopez AD †, Vos T †, Murray CJL †‡. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioral, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks in 188 countries, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. The Lancet. 2015 Sep 11. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)61455-6.
*Authors listed alphabetically
†Joint senior authors
‡Corresponding author
Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 Collaborators: Vos T, Barber RM, Bell B, Bertozzi-Villa A, Biryukov S, Bolliger I, Charlson F, Davis A, Degenhardt L, Dicker D, Duan L, Erskine H, Feigin VL, Ferrari AJ, Fitzmaurice C, Fleming T, Graetz N, Guinovart C, Haagsma J, Hansen GM, Hanson SW, Heuton KR, Higashi H, Kassebaum N, Kyu H, Laurie E, Liang X, Lofgren K, Lozano R, MacIntyre MF, Moradi-Lakeh M, Naghavi M, Nguyen G, Odell S, Ortblad K, Roberts DA, Roth GA, Sandar L, Serina PT, Stanaway JD, Steiner C, Thomas B, Vollset SE, Whiteford H, Wolock TM, Ye P, Zhou M, Avila MA*, Aasvang GM*, Abbafati C*, Abbasoglu Ozgoren A*, Abd-Allah F*, Abdel Aziz MI*, Abera SF*, Aboyans V*, Abraham JP*, Abraham B*, Abubakar I*, Abu-Raddad LJ*, Abu-Rmeileh NME*, Aburto TC*, Achoki T*, Ackerman IN*, Adelekan A*, Ademi Z*, Adou AK*, Adsuar JC*, Arnlov J*, Agardh EE*, Al Khabouri MJ*, Alam SS*, Alasfoor D*, Albittar MI*, Alegretti MA*, Aleman AV*, Alemu ZA*, Alfonso-Cristancho R*, Alhabib S*, Ali R*, Alla F*, Allebeck P*, Allen PJ*, AlMazroa MA*, Alsharif U*, Alvarez E*, Alvis-Guzman N*, Ameli O*, Amini H*, Ammar W*, Anderson BO*, Anderson HR*, Antonio CAT*, Anwari P*, Apfel H*, Arsenijevic VSA*, Artaman A*, Asghar RJ*, Assadi R*, Atkins LS*, Atkinson C*, Badawi A*, Bahit MC*, Bakfalouni T*, Balakrishnan K*, Balalla S*, Banerjee A*, Barker-Collo SL, Barquera S*, Barregard L*, Barrero LH*, Basu S*, Basu A*, Baxter A*, Beardsley J*, Bedi N*, Beghi E*, Bekele T*, Bell ML*, Benjet C*, Bennett DA*, Bensenor IM*, Benzian H*, Bernabe E*, Beyene TJ*, Bhala N*, Bhalla A*, Bhutta Z*, Bienhoff K*, Bikbov B*, Bin Abdulhak A*, Blore JD*, Blyth FM*, Bohensky MA*, Basara BB*, Borges G*, Bornstein NM*, Bose D*, Boufous S*, Bourne RR*, Boyers LN*, Brainin M*, Brauer M*, Brayne CEG*, Brazinova A*, Breitborde NJK*, Brenner H*, Briggs ADM*, Brooks PM*, Brown J*, Brugha TS*, Buchbinder R*, Buckle GC*, Bukhman G*, Bulloch AG*, Burch M*, Burnett R*, Cardenas R*, Cabral NL*, Campos Nonato IR*, Campuzano JC*, Carapetis JR*, Carpenter DO*, Caso V*, Castaneda-Orjuela CA*, Catala-Lopez F*, Chadha VK*, Chang JC*, Chen H*, Chen W*, Chiang PP*, Chimed-Ochir O*, Chowdhury R*, Christensen H*, Christophi CA*, Chugh SS*, Cirillo M*, Coggeshall M*, Cohen A*, Colistro V*, Colquhoun SM*, Contreras AG*, Cooper LT*, Cooper C*, Cooperrider K*, Coresh J*, Cortinovis M*, Criqui MH*, Crump JA*, Cuevas-Nasu L*, Dandona R*, Dandona L*, Dansereau E*, Dantes HG*, Dargan PI*, Davey G*, Davitoiu DV*, Dayama A*, De la Cruz-Gongora V*, de la Vega SF*, De Leo D*, del Pozo-Cruz B, Dellavalle RP*, Deribe K*, Derrett S*, Des Jarlais DC*, Dessalegn M*, deVeber GA*, Dharmaratne SD*, Diaz-Torne C*, Ding EL*, Dokova K*, ER*, Driscoll TR*, Duber H*, Durrani AM*, Edmond KM*, Ellenbogen RG*, Endres M*, Ermakov SP*, Eshrati B*, Esteghamati A*, Estep K*, Fahimi S*, Farzadfar F*, Fay DFJ*, Felson DT*, Fereshtehnejad SM*, Fernandes JG*, Ferri CP*, Flaxman A*, Foigt N*, Foreman KJ*, Fowkes FGR*, Franklin RC*, Furst T*, Futran ND*, Gabbe BJ*, Gankpe FG*, Garcia-Guerra FA*, Geleijnse JM*, Gessner BD*, Gibney KB*, Gillum RF*, Ginawi IA*, Giroud M*, Giussani G*, Goenka S*, Goginashvili K*, Gona P*, Gonzalez de Cosio T*, Gosselin RA*, Gotay CC*, Goto A*, Gouda HN*, Guerrant RI*, Gugnani HC*, Gunnell D*, Gupta R*, Gupta R*, Gutierrez RA*, Hafezi-Nejad N*, Hagan H*, Halasa Y*, Hamadeh RR*, Hamavid H*, Hammami M*, Hankey GJ*, Hao Y*, Harb HL*, Haro JM*, Havmoeller R*, Hay RJ*, Hay S*, Hedayati MT*, Heredia Pi IB*, Heydarpour P*, Hijar M*, Hoek HW*, Hoffman HJ*, Hornberger JC*, Hosgood HD*, Hossain M*, Hotez PJ*, Hoy*, Hsairi M*, Hu H*, Hu G*, Huang JJ*, Huang C*, Huiart L*, Husseini A*, Iannarone M*, Iburg KM*, Innos K*, Inoue M*, Jacobsen KH*, Jassal SK*, Jeemon P*, Jensen PN*, Jha V*, Jiang G*, Jiang Y*, Jonas JB*, Joseph J*, Juel K*, Kan H*, Karch A*, Karimkhani C*, Karthikeyan G*, Katz R*, Kaul A*, Kawakami N*, Kazi DS*, Kemp AH*, Kengne AP*, Khader YS*, Khalifa SEAH*, Khan EA*, Khan G*, Khang YH*, Khonelidze I*, Kieling C*, Kim D*, Kim S*, Kimokoti RW*, Kinfu Y*, Kinge JM*, Kissela BM*, Kivipelto M*, Knibbs L*, Knudsen AK*, Kokubo Y*, Kosen S*, Kramer A*, Kravchenko M*, Krishnamurthi RV*, Krishnaswami S*, Kuate Defo B*, Kucuk Bicer B*, Kuipers EJ*, Kulkarni VS*, Kumar K*, Kumar GA*, Kwan GF*, Lai T*, Lalloo R*, Lam H*, Lan Q*, Lansingh VC*, Larson H*, Larsson A*, Lawrynowicz AEB*, Leasher JL*, Lee JT*, Leigh J*, Leung R*, Levi M*, Li B*, Li Y*, Li Y*, Liang J*, Lim S*, Lin HH*, Lind M*, Lindsay MP*, Lipshultz SE*, Liu S*, Lloyd BK*, Ohno SL*, Logroscino G*, Looker KJ*, Lopez AD*, Lopez-Olmedo N*, Lortet-Tieulent J*, Lotufo PA*, Low N*, Lucas RM*, Lunevicius R*, Lyons RA*, Ma J*, Ma S*, Mackay MT*, Majdan M*, Malekzadeh R*, Mapoma CC*, Marcenes W*, March LM*, Margono C*, Marks GB*, Marzan MB*, Masci JR*, Mason-Jones AJ*, Matzopoulos RG*, Mayosi BM*, Mazorodze TT*, McGill NW*, McGrath JJ*, McKee M*, McLain A*, McMahon BJ*, Meaney PA*, Mehndiratta MM*, Mejia-Rodriguez F*, Mekonnen W*, Melaku YA*, Meltzer M*, Memish ZA*, Mensah G*, Meretoja A*, Mhimbira FA*, Micha R*, Miller TR*, Mills EJ*, Mitchell PB*, Mock CN*, Moffitt TE*, Mohamed Ibrahim N*, Mohammad KA*, Mokdad AH*, Mola GL*, Monasta L*, Montico M*, Montine TJ*, Moore AR*, Moran AE*, Morawska L*, Mori R*, Moschandreas J*, Moturi WN*, Moyer M*, Mozaffarian D*, Mueller UO*, Mukaigawara M*, Murdoch ME*, Murray J*, Murthy KS*, Naghavi P*, Nahas Z*, Naheed A*, Naidoo KS*, Naldi L*, Nand D*, Nangia V*, Narayan KMV*, Nash D*, Nejjari C*, Neupane SP*, Newman LM*, Newton CR*, Ng M*, Ngalesoni FN*, Nhung NT*, Nisar MI*, Nolte S*, Norheim OF*, Norman RE*, Norrving B*, Nyakarahuka L*, Oh IH*, Ohkubo T*, Omer SB*, Opio JN*, Ortiz A*, Pandian JD*, Panelo CIA*, Papachristou C*, Park EK*, Parry CD*, Paternina Caicedo AJ*, Patten SB*, Paul VK*, Pavlin BI*, Pearce N*, Pedraza LS*, Pellegrini CA*, Pereira DM*, Perez-Ruiz FP*, Perico N*, Pervaiz A*, Pesudovs K*, Peterson CB*, Petzold M*, Phillips MR*, Phillips D*, Phillips B*, Piel FB*, Plass D*, Poenaru D*, Polanczyk GV*, Polinder S*, Pope CA*, Popova S*, Poulton RG*, Pourmalek F*, Prabhakaran D*, Prasad NM*, Qato D*, Quistberg DA*, Rafay A*, Rahimi K*, Rahimi-Movaghar V*, Rahman S*, Raju M*, Rakovac I*, Rana SM*, Razavi H*, Refaat A*, Rehm J*, Remuzzi G*, Resnikoff S*, Ribeiro AL*, Riccio PM*, Richardson L*, Richardus JH*, Riederer AM*, Robinson M*, Roca A*, Rodriguez A*, Rojas-Rueda D*, Ronfani L*, Rothenbacher D*, Roy N*, Ruhago GM*, Sabin N*, Sacco RL*, Ksoreide K*, Saha S*, Sahathevan R*, Sahraian MA*, Sampson U*, Sanabria JR*, Sanchez-Riera L*, Santos IS*, Satpathy M*, Saunders JE*, Sawhney M*, Saylan MI*, Scarborough P*, Schoettker B*, Schneider IJC*, Schwebel DC*, Scott JG*, Seedat S*, Sepanlou SG*, Serdar B*, Servan-Mori EE*, Shackelford K*, Shaheen A*, Shahraz S*, Shamah Levy T*, Shangguan S*, She J*, Sheikhbahaei S*, Shepard DS*, Shi P*, Shibuya K*, Shinohara Y*, Shiri R*, Shishani K*, Shiue I*, Shrime MG*, Sigfusdottir ID*, Silberberg DH*, Edgar P Simard EP*, Sindi S*, Singh JA*, Singh L*, Skirbekk V*, Sliwa K*, Soljak M*, Soneji S*, Soshnikov SS*, Speyer P*, Sposato LA*, Sreeramareddy CT*, Stoeckl H*, Stathopoulou VK*, Steckling N*, Stein MB*, Stein DJ*, Steiner TJ*, Stewart A*, Stork E*, Stovner LJ*, Stroumpoulis K*, Sturua L*, Sunguya BF*, Swaroop M*, Sykes BL*, Tabb KM*, Takahashi K*, Tan F*, Tandon N*, Tanne D*, Tanner M*, Tavakkoli M*, Taylor HR*, Te Ao BJ*, Temesgen AM*, Ten Have M*, Tenkorang EY*, Terkawi AS*, Theadom AM*, Thomas E*, Thorne-Lyman AL*, Thrift AG*, Tleyjeh IM*, Tonelli M*, Topouzis F*, Towbin JA*, Toyoshima H*, Traebert J*, Tran BX*, Trasande L*, Trillini M*, Truelsen T*, Trujillo U*, Tsilimbaris M*, Tuzcu EM*, Ukwaja KN*, Undurraga EA*, Uzun SB*, van Brakel WH*, van de Vijver S*, Van Dingenen R*, van Gool CH*, Varakin YY*, Vasankari TJ*, Vavilala MS*, Veerman LJ*, Velasquez-Melendez G*, Venketasubramanian N*, Vijayakumar L*, Villalpando S*, Violante FS*, Vlassov VV*, Waller S*, Wallin MT*, Wan X*, Wang L*, Wang J*, 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*Authors listed alphabetically
†Joint senior authors
Naghavi M, Wang H, Lozano R, Davis A, Liang X, Zhou M, Vollset SE, Abbasoglu Ozgoren A*, Abdalla S*, Abd-Allah F*, Abdel Aziz MI*, Abera SF*, Aboyans V*, Abraham B*, Abraham JP*, Abuabara KE*, Abubakar I*, Abu-Raddad LJ*, Abu-Rmeileh NME*, Achoki T*, Adelekan A*, na Ademi Z*, Adofo K*, Adou AK*, Adsuar JC*, Ärnlov J*, Agardh EE*, Akena D*, Al Khabouri MJ*, Alasfoor D*, Albittar M*, Alegretti MA*, Aleman AV*, Alemu ZA*, Alfonso-Cristancho R*, Alhabib S*, Ali MK*, Ali R*, Alla F*, Al Lami F*, Allebeck P*, AlMazroa MA*, Al-Shahi Salman R*, Alsharif U*, Alvarez E*, Alviz-Guzman N*, Amankwaa AA*, Amare AT*, Ameli O*, Amini H*, Ammar W*, Anderson HR*, Anderson BO*, Antonio CAT*, Anwari P*, Apfel H*, Argeseanu Cunningham S*, Arsenijevic VAS*, Artaman A*, Asad MM*, Asghar RJ*, Assadi R*, Atkins LS*, Atkinson C*, Badawi A*, Bahit MC*, Bakfalouni T*, Balakrishnan K*, Balalla S*, Banerjee A*, Barber RM*, Barker-Collo SL*, Barquera S*, Barregard L*, Barrero LH*, Barrientos-Gutierrez T*, Basu A*, 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*Authors listed alphabetically
†Joint senior authors
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*Authors listed alphabetically
†Joint senior authors
‡Corresponding author
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