Biography
Bobby Reiner, PhD, is an Associate Professor of Health Metrics Sciences and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation within the Schools of Medicine at the University of Washington. He is a Disease Ecologist and that combines his extensive background in Applied Mathematics, Statistics and Probability with four years of postdoctoral training in mathematical ecology, epidemiology and entomology to model infectious diseases. He feels that a reasonably thorough understanding of the biology of the system in question is needed to optimally function as a modeler (too frequently, models of biological systems are mathematically interesting but biologically impossible). On the other hand, real-world data are often incompatible with straightforward analysis and instead require non-standard, bespoke approaches for which a background in mathematics, probability and statistics is invaluable.
He has a diverse array of interests, most concerning the role and drivers of spatio-temporal variation in infectious disease transmission dynamics. Currently, his focus is on drivers of temporal variation (both seasonal and inter-annual variation) in incidence. Additionally, from a more methodological standpoint, he is interested in developing novel modeling frameworks to assess questions of interest that are designed to incorporate and leverage `individual-level’ data related to infectious diseases.
IHME was established at the University of Washington in Seattle in 2007. Its mission is to deliver to the world timely, relevant, and scientifically valid evidence to improve health policy and practice.
Bollyky TJ, Castro E, Aravkin AY, et al. Assessing COVID-19 pandemic policies and behaviours and their economic and educational trade-offs across US states from Jan 1, 2020, to July 31, 2022: an observational analysis. The Lancet. 23 March 2023. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(23)00461-0.
COVID-19 Forecasting Team. Forecasting the trajectory of the COVID-19 pandemic into 2023 under plausible variant and intervention scenarios: a global modelling study. MedRxiv. 8 March 2023. doi: 10.1101/2023.03.07.23286952.
COVID-19 Forecasting Team. Past SARS-CoV-2 infection protection against re-infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet. 16 February 2023. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(22)02465-5.
Global Burden of Disease 2021 Health Financing Collaborator Network. Global investments in pandemic preparedness and COVID-19: tracking development assistance and domestic spending on health between 1990 and 2026. The Lancet Global Health. 24 January 2023. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(23)00007-4.
Reiner RC, LBD Triple Burden Collaborators, Hay SI. The overlapping burden of the three leading causes of disability and death in sub-Saharan African children. Nature Communications. 6 December 2022. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-34240-6.
GBD 2019 Snakebite Envenomation Collaborators. Global mortality of snakebite envenoming between 1990 and 2019. Nature. 25 October 2022. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-33627-9.
Global Burden of Disease Long COVID Collaborators. Estimated global proportions of individuals with persistent fatigue, cognitive, and respiratory symptom clusters following symptomatic COVID-19 in 2020 and 2021. JAMA. 10 October 2022. doi: 10.1001/jama.2022.18931.
Local Burden of Disease Household Air Pollution Collaborators. Mapping development and health effects of cooking with solid fuels in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000–18: a geospatial modelling study. The Lancet Global Health. 1 October 2022. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(22)00332-1.
Chipeta MG, Kumaran EPA, Browne AJ, et al. Mapping local variation in household overcrowding across Africa from 2000 to 2018: a modelling study. The Lancet Planetary Health. 01 August 2022. doi:10.1016/S2542-5196(22)00149-8.
Jr, Robert C. Reiner and Collins, James K. and Forecasting Team, COVID-19 and Murray, Christopher JL, Forecasting the Trajectory of the COVID-19 Pandemic under Plausible Variant and Intervention Scenarios: A Global Modelling Study (May 24, 2022). Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4126660 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4126660.
Fitzgerald R, Manguerra H, Kassebaum NJ, et al. Current dichotomous metrics obscure trends in severe and extreme child growth failure. Science Advances. 20 May 2022. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.abm8954.
COVID-19 Cumulative Infection Collaborators. Estimating global, regional, and national daily and cumulative infections with SARS-CoV-2 through Nov 14, 2021: a statistical analysis. The Lancet. 8 April 2022. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(22)00484-6.
COVID-19 Excess Mortality Collaborators. Estimating excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic analysis of COVID-19-related mortality, 2020–21. The Lancet. 10 March 2022. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02796-3.
The Gender Equality Metrics team and the COVID-19 Forecasting team at Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. Quantifying the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on gender equality in health, social, and economic indicators. The Lancet. 2 March 2022. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(22)00008-3.
COVID-19 Forecasting Team. Variation in the COVID-19 infection–fatality ratio by age, time, and geography during the pre-vaccine era: a systematic analysis. The Lancet. 24 February 2022. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02867-1.
COVID-19 National Preparedness Collaborators. Pandemic preparedness and COVID-19: an exploratory analysis of infection and fatality rates, and contextual factors associated with preparedness in 177 countries, from Jan 1, 2020, to Sept 30, 2021. The Lancet. 1 February 2022. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(22)00172-6.
Browne AJ, Chipeta MG, Haines-Woodhouse G, Kumaran EPA, Kashef Hamadani BH, Zaraa S, Henry NJ, Deshpande A, Reiner RC, Day NPJ, Lopez AD, Dunachie S, Moore CE, Stergachis A, Hay SI, Dolecek C. Global antibiotic consumption and usage in humans, 2000–18: a spatial modelling study. The Lancet Planetary Health. 11 November 2021. doi: 10.1016/S2542-5196(21)00280-1.
Kinyoki D, Osgood-Zimmerman AE, Bhattacharjee NV, Local Burden of Disease Anaemia Collaborators, Kassebaum NJ, Hay SI. Anemia prevalence in women of reproductive age in low- and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2018. Nature Medicine. 12 October 2021. doi: 10.1038/s41591-021-01498-0.
GBD 2019 Police Violence US Subnational Collaborators. Fatal police violence by race and state in the USA, 1980-2019: a network meta-regression. The Lancet. 30 September 2021. doi: 10.016/S0140-6736(21)01609-3
GBD 2019 Tuberculosis Collaborators. Global, regional, and national sex differences in the global burden of tuberculosis by HIV status, 1990–2019: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 23 September 2021. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00449-7.
Global Burden of Disease 2020 Health Financing Collaborator Network. Tracking development assistance for health and for COVID-19: a review of development assistance, government, out-of-pocket, and other private spending on health for 204 countries and territories, 1990–2050. The Lancet. 22 September 2021. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01258-7.
GBD 2019 Under-5 Mortality Collaborators. Global, regional, and national progress towards Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 for neonatal and child health: all-cause and cause-specific mortality findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. The Lancet. 17 August 2021. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01207-1.
Bollyky TJ, Murray CJL, Reiner RC. Epidemiology, not geopolitics, should guide COVID-19 vaccine donations. The Lancet. 8 June 2021. doi:10.1016/ S0140-6736(21)01323-4.
Bhattacharjee NV, Schaeffer LE, Hay SI, Local Burden of Disease Exclusive Breastfeeding Collaborators. Mapping inequalities in exclusive breastfeeding in low- and middle-income countries, 2000–2018. Nature Human Behaviour. 3 June 2021. doi:.10.1038/s41562-021-01108-6.
Friedman J, Liu P, Troeger CE, Carter A, Reiner RC, Barber RM, Collins J, Lim SS, Pigott DM, Vos T, Hay SI, Murray CJL, Gakidou E. Predictive performance of international COVID-19 mortality forecasting models. Nature Communications. 10 May 2021. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-22457-w.
Wiens KE, Schaeffer LE, Sow SO, et al. Oral rehydration therapies in Senegal, Mali, and Sierra Leone: a spatial analysis of changes over time and implications for policy. BMC Medicine. 21 December 2020. doi: 10.1186/s12916-020-01857-7.
IHME COVID-19 Forecasting Team. Modeling COVID-19 scenarios for the United States. Nature Medicine. 23 October 2020. doi:10.1038/s41591-020-1132-9.
Local Burden of Disease WaSH Collaborators. Mapping geographical inequalities in access to drinking water and sanitation facilities in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000–17. The Lancet Global Health. August 2020. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30278-3.
Local Burden of Disease Diarrhoea Collaborators. Mapping geographic inequalities in oral rehydration therapy coverage in low- and middle-income countries, 2000–17. The Lancet Global Health. August 2020. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30230-8.
GBD Chronic Respiratory Disease Collaborators. Prevalence and attributable health burden of chronic respiratory diseases, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine. 1 June 2020. doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30105-3.
Local Burden of Disease Diarrhoea Collaborators. Mapping geographical inequalities in childhood diarrhoeal morbidity and mortality in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000–17: analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet. 6 May 2020. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30114-8.
GBD 2016 Occupational Risk Factors Collaborators. Global and regional burden of disease and injury in 2016 arising from occupational exposures: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 13 February 2020. doi: 10.1136/oemed-2019-106008.
GBD 2016 Occupational Carcinogens Collaborators. Global and regional burden of cancer in 2016 arising from occupational exposure to selected carcinogens: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 13 February 2020. doi:10.1136/oemed-2019-106012.
GBD 2016 Occupational Chronic Respiratory Risk Factors Collaborators. Global and regional burden of chronic respiratory disease in 2016 arising from non-infectious airborne occupational exposures: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 13 February 2020. doi:10.1136/oemed-2019-106013.
GBD Chronic Kidney Disease Collaboration. Global, regional, and national burden of chronic kidney disease, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet. 13 February 2020. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30045-3.
GBD 2017 Cirrhosis Collaborators. The global, regional, and national burden of cirrhosis by cause in 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 22 January 2020. doi: 10.1016/S2468-1253(19)30349-8.
Zimmerman MS, Smith AGC, Sable CA, et al. Global, regional, and national burden of congenital heart disease, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health. 21 January 2020; doi: 10.1016/S2352-4642(19)30402-X.
James SL, Lucchesi LR, Bisignano C, et al. Morbidity and mortality from road injuries: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Injury Prevention. DATE; 0:1-11. doi:10.1136/injuryprev-2019-043302.
Hulland EN, Wiens KE, Shirude S, Morgan JD, Bertozzi-Villa A, Farag TH, Fullman N, Kraemer MUG, Miller-Petrie MK, Gupta V, Reiner RC, Rabinowitz P, Wasserheit JN, Bell BP, Hay SI, Weiss DJ, Pigott DM. Travel time to health facilities in areas of outbreak potential: maps for guiding local preparedness and response. BMC Medicine. 30 December 2019. doi:10.1186/s12916-019-1459-6.
Local Burden of Disease Educational Attainment Collaborators. Mapping disparities in education across low- and middle-income countries. Nature. 25 December 2019. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1872-1.
GBD 2017 Lower Respiratory Infections Collaborators. Quantifying risks and interventions that have affected the burden of lower respiratory infections among children younger than 5 years: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 30 October 2019. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(19)30410-4.
GBD 2017 Diarrhoeal Disease Collaborators. Quantifying risks and interventions that have affected the burden of diarrhoea among children younger than 5 years: an analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 30 October 2019. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(19)30559-6.
GBD 2017 Pancreatic Cancer Collaborators. The global, regional, and national burden of pancreatic cancer and its attributable risk factors in 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 21 October 2019. doi:10.1016/S2468-1253(19)30347-4.
GBD 2017 Colorectal Cancer Collaborators. The global, regional, and national burden of colorectal cancer and its attributable risk factors in 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 21 October 2019. doi:10.1016/S2468-1253(19)30345-0.
Local Burden of Disease 2017 Child Mortality Collaborators. Mapping 123 million neonatal, infant, and child deaths between 2000 and 2017. Nature. 16 October 2019. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1545-0.
Reiner RC, Welgan CA, Casey DC, et al. Identifying residual hotspots and mapping lower respiratory infection morbidity and mortality in African children from 2000 to 2017. Nature Microbiology. 30 September 2019. doi:10.1038/s41564-019-0562-y.
Global Burden of Disease Cancer Collaboration. Global, Regional, and National Cancer Incidence, Mortality, Years of Life Lost, Years Lived With Disability, and Disability-Adjusted Life-Years for 29 Cancer Groups, 1990 to 2017. JAMA Oncology. 27 September 2019;5(12):1-21. doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2019.2996.
GBD 2017 Non-Typhoidal Salmonella Invasive Disease Collaborators. The global burden of non-typhoidal salmonella invasive disease: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 24 September 2019. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(19)30418-9.
Cooper L, Kang SY, Bisanzio D, Maxwell K, Rodriguez-Barraquer I, Greenhouse B, Drakeley C, Arinaitwe E, Staedke SG, Gething PW, Eckhoff P, Reiner RC, Hay SI, Dorsey G, Kamya MR, Lindsay SW, Grenfell BT, Smith DL. Pareto rules for malaria super-spreaders and super-spreading. Nature Communication. 2 September 2019; 10(1):1-9. doi:10.1038/s41467-019-11861-y.
GBD 2017 Childhood Cancer Collaborators. The global burden of childhood and adolescent cancer in 2017: an analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet Oncology. 29 July 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(19)30339-0
Bhattacharjee NV, Schaeffer LE, Marczak LB, et al. Mapping exclusive breastfeeding in Africa between 2000 and 2017. Nature Medicine. 22 July 2019. doi:10.1038/s41591-019-0525-0.
Messina JP, Brady OJ, Golding N, Kraemer MUG, Wint GRW, Ray SE, Pigott DM, Shearer FM, Johnson K, Earl L, Marczak LB, Shirude S, Weaver ND, Gilbert M, Velayudhan R, Jones P, Jaenisch T, Scott TW, Reiner RC, Hay SI. The current and future global distribution and population at risk of dengue. Nature Microbiology. 10 June 2019. doi:10.1038/s41564-019-0476-8.
Dwyer-Lindgren L, Cork MA, Sligar A, et al. Mapping HIV prevalence in sub-Saharan Africa between 2000 and 2017. Nature. 15 May 2019. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1200-9.
GBD 2017 Child and Adolescent Health Collaborators. Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors in Child and Adolescent Health, 1990 to 2017. JAMA Pediatrics. 29 April 2019. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.0337.
Mosser JF, Gagne-Maynard W, Rao PC, et al. Mapping diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus vaccine coverage in Africa, 2000–2016: a spatial and temporal modelling study. The Lancet. 5 April 2019. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30226-0.
Kraemer MUG, Golding N, Bisanzio D, Bhatt S, Pigott DM, Ray SE, Brady OJ, Brownstein JS, Faria NR, Cummings DAT, Pybus OG, Smith DL, Tatem AJ, Hay SI, Reiner RC. Utilizing general human movement models to predict the spread of emerging infectious diseases in resource poor settings. Scientific Reports. 26 March 2019; 9(5151). doi:10.1038/s41598-019-41192-3.
Brady OJ, Osgood-Zimmerman A, Kassebaum NJ, et al. The association between Zika virus infection and microcephaly in Brazil 2015–2017: An observational analysis of over 4 million births. PLoS Medicine. 5 March 2019. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002755.
Kraemer MUG, Reiner RC, Brady OJ, et al. Past and future spread of the arbovirus vectors Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. Nature Microbiology. 4 March 2019. doi:10.1038/s41564-019-0376-y.
GBD 2016 Brain and Other CNS Cancer Collaborators. Global, regional, and national burden of brain and other CNS cancer, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet Neurology. 20 Feb 2019. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30468-X.
GBD 2017 Typhoid and Paratyphoid Collaborators. The global burden of typhoid and paratyphoid fevers: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 18 Feb 2019. doi:10.1016/ S1473-3099(18)30685-6.
GBD 2016 Multiple Sclerosis Collaborators. Global, regional, and national burden of multiple sclerosis 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet Neurology. 21 Jan 2019. doi:10.1016/ S1474-4422(18)30443-5.
GBD 2017 Influenza Collaborators. Mortality, morbidity, and hospitalisations due to influenza lower respiratory tract infections, 2017: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine. 12 Dec 2018. doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(18)30496-X.
GBD 2016 Meningitis Collaborators. Global, regional, and national burden of meningitis, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet Neurology. 1 Dec 2018;17(12):1061–82. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30387-9.
GBD Tuberculosis Collaborators. Global, regional, and national burden of tuberculosis, 1990–2016: results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors 2016 Study. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 1 Dec 2018. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30625-X.
GBD 2016 Dementia Collaborators. Global, regional, and national burden of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet Neurology. 26 Nov 2018. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30403-4.
GBD 2016 Traumatic Brain Injury and Spinal Cord Injury Collaborators. Global, regional, and national burden of traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet Neurology. 26 Nov 2018. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30415-0.
GBD 2017 Population and Fertility Collaborators. Population and fertility by age and sex for 195 countries and territories, 1950–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet. 8 Nov 2018;392:1995-2051. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32278-5.
GBD 2017 Mortality Collaborators. Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality and life expectancy, 1950–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet. 8 Nov 2018;392:1684-735. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31891-9.
GBD 2017 Causes of Death Collaborators. Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet. 8 Nov 2018;392:1736-88. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32203-7.
GBD 2017 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet. 8 Nov 2018;392:1789–858. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32279-7.
GBD 2017 DALYs and HALE Collaborators. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 359 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet. 8 Nov 2018;392:1859–922. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32335-3.
GBD 2017 Risk Factor Collaborators. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet. 8 Nov 2018;392:1923-94. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32225-6.
GBD 2017 SDG Collaborators. Measuring progress from 1990 to 2017 and projecting attainment to 2030 of the health-related Sustainable Development Goals for 195 countries and territories: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet. 8 Nov 2018; 392:2091–138. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32281-5.
GBD 2016 Motor Neuron Disease Collaborators. Global, regional, and national burden of motor neuron diseases 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet Neurology. 5 Nov 2018. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30404-6.
Burstein R, Wang H, Reiner RC, Hay SI. Development and validation of a new method for indirect estimation of neonatal, infant, and child mortality trends using summary birth histories. PLOS Medicine. 31 Oct 2018. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002687.
Wiens KE, Woyczynski LP, Ledesma JR, Ross JM, Zenteno-Cuevas R, Goodridge A, Ullah I, Mathema B, Siawaya JFL, Biehl MH, Ray SE, Bhattacharjee NV, Henry NJ, Reiner RC, Kyu HH, Murray CJL, Hay SI. Global variation in bacterial strains that cause tuberculosis disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Medicine. 30 Oct 2018;16(1):196. doi:10.1186/s12916-018-1180-x.
Khalil IA, Troeger C, Blacker BF, et al. Morbidity and mortality due to shigella and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli diarrhoea: the Global Burden of Disease Study 1990–2016. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 25 September 2018. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30475-4.
Reiner RC, Graetz N, Casey, DC, et al. Variation in childhood diarrheal morbidity and mortality in Africa, 2000–2015. New England Journal of Medicine. 2018 Sept 19.
GBD 2016 Lower Respiratory Infections Collaborators. Estimates of the global, regional, and national morbidity, mortality, and aetiologies of lower respiratory infections in 195 countries, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 19 September 2018. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30407-9.
GBD 2016 Diarrhoeal Disease Collaborators. Estimates of the global, regional, and national morbidity, mortality, and aetiologies of diarrhoea in 195 countries: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 19 September 2018. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30424-9.
Ross JM, Henry NJ, Dwyer-Lindgren LA, de Paula Lobo A, Marinho de Souza F, Biehl MH, Ray SE, Reiner RC, Stubbs RW, Wiens KE, Earl L, Kutz MJ, Bhattacharjee NV, Kyu HH, Naghavi M, Hay SI. Progress toward eliminating TB and HIV deaths in Brazil, 2001–2015: a spatial assessment. BMC Medicine. 6 September 2018. doi:10.1186/s12916-018-1131-6.
GBD 2016 Alcohol Collaborators. Alcohol use and burden for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet. 23 Aug 2018. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31310-2
Troeger C, Khalil IA, Rao PC, et al. Rotavirus vaccination and the global burden of rotavirus diarrhea among children younger than 5 years. JAMA Pediatrics. 13 Aug 2018. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.1960
GBD 2016 Greece Collaborators. The burden of disease in Greece, health loss, risk factors, and health financing, 2000–16: an analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet Public Health. 25 July 2018. doi:10.1016/S2468-2667(18)30130-0.
Khalil IA, Troeger C, Rao PC, et al. Morbidity, mortality, and long-term consequences associated with diarrhoea from Cryptosporidium infection in children younger than 5 years: a meta-analyses study. The Lancet Global Health. 1 Jul 2018. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30283-3
GBD 2016 Healthcare Access and Quality Collaborators. Measuring performance on the Healthcare Access and Quality Index for 195 countries and territories and selected subnational locations: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet. 23 May 2018.
Global Burden of Disease Health Financing Collaborator Network. Trends in future health financing and coverage: future health spending and universal health coverage in 188 countries, 2016–40. The Lancet. 17 Apr 2018.
Global Burden of Disease Health Financing Collaborator Network. Spending on health and HIV/AIDS: domestic health spending and development assistance in 188 countries, 1995–2015. The Lancet. 17 Apr 2018.
Osgood-Zimmerman A, Millear AI, Stubbs RW, et al. Mapping child growth failure in Africa between 2000 and 2015. Nature. 28 Feb 2018. doi:10.1038/nature25760
Graetz N, Friedman J, Osgood-Zimmerman A, et al. Mapping local variation in educational attainment across Africa. Nature. 28 Feb 2018. doi:10.1038/nature25761
GBD Tuberculosis Collaborators. The global burden of tuberculosis: results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors (GBD) 2015 Study. Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2018; 18(3):261-284. PMCID: PMC5831985
Pigott DM, Deshpande A, Letourneau I, et al. Local, national, and regional viral haemorrhagic fever pandemic potential in Africa: a multistage analysis. The Lancet. 11 Oct 2017.
Golding N, Burstein R, Longbottom J, et al. Mapping under-5 and neonatal mortality in Africa, 2000–15: a baseline analysis for the Sustainable Development Goals. The Lancet
GBD 2016 DALYs and HALE Collaborators. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 333 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet. 14 Sept 2017: 390;1260-344.
GBD 2016 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet. 14 Sept 2017: 390; 1211–59.
GBD 2016 Risk Factors Collaborators. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet. 14 Sept 2017: 390;1345-1422.
GBD 2016 Mortality Collaborators. Global, regional, and national under-5 mortality, adult mortality, age-specific mortality, and life expectancy, 1970–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet. 14 Sept 2017: 390;1084–1150.
GBD 2016 Causes of Death Collaborators. Global, regional, and national age-sex specific mortality for 264 causes of death, 1980–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet. 14 Sept 2017: 390;1151–210.
GBD 2016 SDG Collaborators. Measuring progress and projecting attainment on the basis of past trends of the health-related Sustainable Development Goals in 188 countries: an analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet. 12 Sept 2017: 390; 1423–59.
GBD 2015 LRI Collaborators. Estimates of the global, regional, and national morbidity, mortality, and aetiologies of lower respiratory tract infections in 195 countries: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 23 Aug 2017. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30396-1
GBD 2015 Eastern Mediterranean Region Collaborators. Danger ahead: the burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors 3 in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, 1990–2015. International Journal of Public Health. 7 Aug 2017.
GBD 2015 Eastern Mediterranean Region Collaborators. Burden of diarrhea in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, 1990–2015: findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2015 study. International Journal of Public Health. 7 Aug 2017.
GBD 2015 Eastern Mediterranean Region Collaborators. Burden of lower respiratory infections in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, 1990–2015: findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2015 study. International Journal of Public Health. 7 Aug 2017.
GBD Diarrheal Diseases Collaborators. Estimates of global, regional, and national morbidity, mortality, and aetiologies of diarrheal diseases: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2017 Jun 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/PII
Brady OJ, Godfray HCJ, Tatem AJ, Gething PW, Cohen JM, McKenzie FE, Perkins TA, Reiner RC, Tusting LS, Sinka ME, Moyes CL, Eckhoff PA, Scott TW, Lindsay SW, Hay SI, Smith DL. Vectorial Capacity and Vector Control: Reconsidering Sensitivity to Parameters for Malaria Elimination. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 28 Jan 2016; 110:2;107-17. https://doi.org/10.1093/trstmh/trv113
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