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Health Financing

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Health Financing Publications


Read the research on health spending for multiple chronic conditions.
April 4, 2023
Estimating health spending associated with chronic multimorbidity in 2018: An observational study among adults in the United States
Research Article
This study explores health spending in the US on multiple chronic conditions. We look at different disease combinations and how spending differs for individuals with multiple conditions compared to a single disease.
Financing Global Health 2021
January 24, 2023
Financing Global Health 2021: Global Health Priorities in a Time of Change
Policy Report
For over a decade, this report has provided policy makers with critical information on current and future health financing and spending. The 13th edition, Financing Global Health 2021, expands on, and adds new estimates to, topics like pandemic preparedness, future health spending, and development assistance for health. 
January 24, 2023
Global investments in pandemic preparedness and COVID-19: tracking development assistance and domestic spending on health between 1990 and 2026
Research Article
We aimed to provide a comparative assessment of global health spending at the onset of the pandemic; characterise the amount of development assistance for pandemic preparedness and response disbursed in the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic; and examine expectations for future health spending and put into context the expected need for investment in pandemic preparedness.
Read the research on health financing in India.
December 12, 2022
Tracking development assistance for health from India to low- and middle-income countries, 2009–2020
Research Article
 India’s DAH allocation strategy prioritizes contributions toward neighboring countries in the South Asia region in several health focus areas.
Flow chart of total respiratory health care spending
August 31, 2022
US health care spending on respiratory diseases, 1996-2016
Research Article
We aimed to estimate US health care spending for 11 respiratory conditions from 1996-2016, providing detailed trends and an evaluation of factors associated with spending growth.
August 1, 2022
Varied health spending growth across US states was associated with income, price levels, and Medicaid expansion, 2000-19
Research Article
Contemporary estimates of state health spending are valuable for tracking divergent expenditure trajectories in the US and assessing the associated factors.
July 5, 2022
Health care spending effectiveness: estimates suggest that spending improved US health from 1996 to 2016
Research Article
We report US spending-effectiveness ratios, using comprehensive estimates of health care spending from the Disease Expenditure Project and DALYs from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017.
Chart of cost-effectiveness per region
June 21, 2022
Cost-effectiveness of rotavirus vaccination in children under five years of age in 195 countries: A meta-regression analysis
Research Article
We used advances in meta-regression methods and estimates of vaccine efficacy by location to estimate incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) for rotavirus vaccination in 195 countries.
June 10, 2022
Development assistance for human resources for health, 1990–2020
Research Article
The objective of this study is to examine progress on implementing the Global Strategy by updating previous analyses that estimated and examined official development assistance targeted towards human resources for health.
March 12, 2022
Global and regional spending on dementia care from 2000–2019 and expected future health spending scenarios from 2020–2050: An economic modelling exercise
Research Article
We modelled healthcare spending attributable to dementia from 2000 to 2019 and expected estimated future spending from 2020 to 2050 under multiple scenarios.
chart from research article
February 22, 2022
Cost-effectiveness of antenatal multiple micronutrients and balanced energy protein supplementation compared to iron and folic acid supplementation in India, Pakistan, Mali, and Tanzania: A dynamic microsimulation study
Research Article
We compared the cost-effectiveness of micronutrient supplementation and balanced energy protein with iron and folic acid to quantify their benefits in four countries with considerable prevalence of maternal undernutrition.
chart of cervical cancer DALYs
December 20, 2021
Cost-effectiveness of HPV vaccination in 195 countries: A meta-regression analysis
Research Article
We conducted a meta-regression analysis of published cost-effectiveness analyses of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination to quantify the effects of factors at the country, intervention, and method-level, and predict incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) for HPV vaccination in 195 countries.
November 4, 2021
Estimating total spending by source of funding on routine and supplementary immunisation activities in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000–17: a financial modelling study
Research Article
We aimed to generate estimates of funding for immunisation disaggregated by the source of funding and the type of activities in order to highlight the funding landscape for immunisation and inform policy making.
Chart of emergency department spending across aggregated age groups, payer, and aggregated health categories, 2016 ($ billions)
October 27, 2021
Healthcare spending in U.S. emergency departments by health condition, 2006–2016
Research Article
This study’s objective is to estimate ED spending trends in the U.S. from 2006 to 2016, by age, sex, payer, and across 154 health conditions and assess ED spending per visit over time.
Financing Global Health 2020: The impact of COVID-19
September 22, 2021
Financing Global Health 2020: The Impact of COVID-19
Policy Report
This edition of IHME's annual Financing Global Health report, the 12th in the series, provides updated estimates of spending on health, development assistance for health, and projections of future health spending.
September 22, 2021
Tracking development assistance for health and for COVID-19: a review of development assistance, government, out-of-pocket, and other private spending on health for 204 countries and territories, 1990–2050
Research Article
We aimed to put development assistance for health for COVID-19 in the context of broader trends in global health financing, and to estimate total health spending from 1995 to 2050 and development assistance for COVID-19 in 2020.
August 17, 2021
US Health Care Spending by Race and Ethnicity, 2002-2016
Research Article
How did health care spending vary by race and ethnicity groups in the US from 2002 through 2016?
primary health care estimates graph
August 12, 2021
Trends and outcomes in primary health care expenditures in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000–2017
Research Article
We estimate primary healthcare (PHC) expenditure for each low-income and middle-income country between 2000 and 2017 and test which health outputs and outcomes were associated with PHC expenditure.
graph of effect of economic recession on universal health coverage in democracies
August 2, 2021
Democracies Linked To Greater Universal Health Coverage Compared With Autocracies, Even In An Economic Recession
Research Article
We measured the associations that democracy has with universal health coverage and government health spending in 170 countries during the period 1990–2019.
July 30, 2021
Health expenditures by services and providers for 195 countries, 2000–2017
Research Article
This research aims to provide policymakers and researchers with a single repository of available national health expenditures by healthcare functions (ie, services) and providers of such services.

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