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Scientific publications


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March 4, 2015
Global burden of untreated caries: a systematic review and metaregression
Research Article

We aimed to consolidate all epidemiologic data about untreated caries and subsequently generate internally consistent prevalence and incidence estimates for all countries, 20 age groups, and both sexes for 1990 and 2010.

March 2, 2015
The many projected futures of dengue
Research Article

Dengue is a vector-borne disease that causes a substantial public health burden within its expanding range. In this review, we compare the main approaches that have been used to model the future global distribution of dengue and propose a set of minimum criteria for future projections that, by analogy, are applicable to other vector-borne diseases.

February 7, 2015
Salud Mesoamérica 2015 Initiative: design, implementation, and baseline findings
Research Article

Health has improved markedly in Mesoamerica, the region consisting of southern Mexico and Central America, over the past decade. Despite this progress, there remain substantial inequalities in health outcomes, access, and quality of medical care between and within countries. Poor, indigenous, and rural populations have considerably worse health indicators than national or regional averages. In an effort to address these health inequalities, the Salud Mesoamérica 2015 Initiative (SM2015), a results-based financing initiative, was established.

February 1, 2015
A systematic approach to produce robust, comparable, and timely cost-effectiveness estimates for a set of interventions: proof of concept in two low-income countries
Research Article

Under the current paradigm, cost-effectiveness studies provide limited value to policymakers in low-resource settings. Studies appear with substantial delays in the academic literature and are often based on large-scale multi-intervention assessments in settings with drastically different infrastructure, resources, and cultures.

February 1, 2015
Fruit and vegetable consumption among adults in Saudi Arabia, 2013
Research Article

Dietary risks were the leading risk factors for death worldwide in 2010. However, current national estimates on fruit and vegetable consumption in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) are nonexistent. We conducted a large household survey to inform the Saudi Ministry of Health (MOH) on a major modifiable risk factor: daily consumption of fruits and vegetables.

January 26, 2015
Validating estimates of prevalence of non-communicable diseases based on household surveys: the symptomatic diagnosis study
Research Article

Easy-to-collect epidemiological information is critical for the more accurate estimation of the prevalence and burden of different non-communicable diseases around the world. The objective of this study was to develop and assess the performance of a symptom-based questionnaire to estimate prevalence of non-communicable diseases in low-resource areas

January 20, 2015
Deconstructing the differences: a comparison of GBD 2010 and CHERG’s approach to estimating the mortality burden of diarrhea, pneumonia, and their etiologies
Research Article

Pneumonia and diarrhea are leading causes of death for children under 5 (U5). It is challenging to estimate the total number of deaths and cause-specific mortality fractions. Two major efforts, one led by the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) and the other led by the World Health Organization (WHO)/Child Health Epidemiology Reference Group (CHERG) created estimates for the burden of disease due to these two syndromes, yet their estimates differed greatly for 2010.

December 31, 2014
Get a license, buckle up, and slow down: Risky driving patterns among Saudis
Research Article

Road traffic injuries are the largest cause of loss of disability-adjusted life years for men and women of all ages in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, but data on driving habits there are lacking. To inform policymakers on drivers’ abilities and driving habits, we analyzed data from the Saudi Health Interview Survey 2013.

December 20, 2014
A comparison of maternal mortality estimates from GBD 2013 and WHO
Research Article

Despite rough agreement in global estimates of maternal mortality in 2013, results from the WHO and Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2013 collaborations differed by 147,000 deaths for 1990, diverged by at least 20% in 120 countries in 2013, and provided very different narratives on progress toward Millennium Development Goal 5. The differences are crucial for global monitoring as well as national policy formulation and program planning.

December 17, 2014
Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013
Research Article

Up-to-date evidence on levels and trends for age-sex-specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality is essential for the formation of global, regional, and national health policies. In the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 (GBD 2013) we estimated yearly deaths for 188 countries between 1990 and 2013. We used the results to assess whether there is epidemiological convergence across countries.

December 11, 2014
Pharmaceutical availability across levels of care: evidence from facility surveys in Ghana, Kenya, and Uganda
Research Article

In this study we use facility-level data from nationally representative surveys conducted in Ghana, Kenya, and Uganda to understand pharmaceutical availability within the three countries

December 5, 2014
The burden of disease in Spain: results from the Global Burden of Disease study 2010
Research Article

We herein evaluate the Spanish population's trends in health burden by comparing results of two Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Studies (the GBD studies) performed 20 years apart.

October 24, 2014
Random-effects, fixed-effects and the within-between specification for clustered data in observational health studies: a simulation study
Research Article

When unaccounted-for group-level characteristics affect an outcome variable, traditional linear regression is inefficient and can be biased. The random- and fixed-effects estimators (RE and FE, respectively) are two competing methods that address these problems. While each estimator controls for otherwise unaccounted-for effects, the two estimators require different assumptions. Health researchers tend to favor RE estimation, while researchers from some other disciplines tend to favor FE estimation. In addition to RE and FE, an alternative method called within-between (WB) was suggested by Mundlak in 1978, although is utilized infrequently.

October 23, 2014
A comprehensive database of the geographic spread of past human Ebola outbreaks
Research Article

Ebola is a zoonotic filovirus that has the potential to cause outbreaks of variable magnitude in human populations. This database collates our existing knowledge of all known human outbreaks of Ebola for the first time by extracting details of their suspected zoonotic origin and subsequent human-to-human spread from a range of published and non-published sources. In total, 22 unique Ebola outbreaks were identified, composed of 117 unique geographic transmission clusters.

October 14, 2014
Obesity and associated factors — Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 2013
Research Article

Data on obesity from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) are nonexistent, making it impossible to determine whether the efforts of the Saudi Ministry of Health are having an effect on obesity trends. To determine obesity prevalence and associated factors in the KSA, we conducted a national survey on chronic diseases and their risk factors.

October 14, 2014
Status of the diabetes epidemic in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 2013
Research Article

In the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), current data on diabetes are lacking, and a rise of the epidemic is feared, given the epidemiologic transition in the country. To inform public health authorities on the current status of the diabetes epidemic, we analyzed data from the Saudi Health Interview Survey (SHIS).

October 13, 2014
Estimation of district-level under-5 mortality in Zambia using birth history data, 1980–2010
Research Article

We find that performance is highly dependent on the birth history method applied and how temporal trends are accounted for. We estimated trends in district-level under-5 mortality in Zambia from 1980 to 2010 using the best-performing model. We find that under-5 mortality is highly variable within Zambia: there was a 1.8-fold difference between the lowest and highest levels in 2010, and declines over the period 1980 to 2010 ranged from less than 5% to more than 50%.

October 2, 2014
Burden of disease, injuries, and risk factors in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 1990–2010
Research Article

We report the burden of disease and risk factors measured by causes of death, years of life lost attributable to premature mortality (YLLs), years of life lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 1990, 2005, and 2010 in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA).

October 1, 2014
Reported stroke symptoms and their associated risk factors in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 2013
Research Article
Abstract
September 26, 2014
Global burden of severe periodontitis in 1990-2010: a systematic review and meta-regression
Research Article

Prevalence increased gradually with age, showing a steep increase between the third and fourth decades of life that was driven by a peak in incidence at around 38 years of age. There were considerable variations in prevalence and incidence between regions and countries. Policymakers need to be aware of a predictable increasing burden of SP due to the growing world population associated with an increasing life expectancy and a significant decrease in the prevalence of total tooth loss throughout the world from 1990 to 2010. 

September 25, 2014
An innovative approach to measuring efficiency of health service provision in developing countries
Research Article

Governments of developing countries lack information about the process of providing health services. When services are provided inefficiently, scarce resources that could be used to treat additional patients are wasted. Even when the political will for efficiency assessment exists, the lack of adequate data represents a barrier to conducting accurate studies on the production and costs of health care services.

September 22, 2014
Vaccine resource tracking systems
Research Article

From 1999 to 2010, annual disbursements of development assistance for health for vaccinations increased from $0.5 billion to $2.0 billion (all financial values USD 2010). In its 2012 Global Vaccine Action Plan (GVAP), the World Health Assembly recommended establishing a comprehensive vaccination resource tracking system to better understand the source and recipients of these funds, and ultimately their impact on outcomes.

September 22, 2014
Effective coverage: a metric for monitoring universal health coverage
Research Article

A major challenge in monitoring universal health coverage (UHC) is identifying an indicator that can adequately capture the multiple components underlying the UHC initiative. Effective coverage, which unites individual and intervention characteristics into a single metric, offers a direct and flexible means to measure health system performance at different levels.

September 18, 2014
Liver cirrhosis mortality in 187 countries between 1980 and 2010: a systematic analysis
Research Article

Liver cirrhosis is a major yet largely preventable and underappreciated cause of global health loss. Variations in cirrhosis mortality at the country level reflect differences in prevalence of risk factors such as alcohol use and hepatitis B and C infection. We estimated annual age-specific mortality from liver cirrhosis in 187 countries between 1980 and 2010.

September 8, 2014
Mapping the zoonotic niche of Ebola virus disease in Africa
Research Article

Ebola virus disease (EVD) is a complex zoonosis that is highly virulent in humans. We assembled location data on all recorded zoonotic transmission to humans and Ebola virus infection in bats and primates (1976–2014). Using species distribution models, these occurrence data were paired with environmental covariates to predict a zoonotic transmission niche covering 22 countries across Central and West Africa.

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